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Wednesday, April 14, 2021

Kalanoro

by Cole Herrold

Our planet has countless areas that are covered in dense rainforests. These areas, aside from mountains and the ocean, are perhaps the last unexplored areas of the world. It is not surprising that then whenever people do enter these unchallenged areas that they encounter a menagerie of bizarre beasts from living dinosaurs in the congo to hairy ape-men in the Himalayas to sea serpents in the most remote sections of the ocean. Scientists have often closed their minds to the idea of such creatures, namely because of the reported animal's size, often following the logic and shadow of Cuvier's dictum. However, one would be hard-pressed to find a scientist who wouldn't claim there are countless species as yet undiscovered, just that they would be smaller in stature than most reported cryptozoological beasts. However, some of the most interesting and unique cryptids ever reported are of a smaller size and, in many ways, are more realistic in this skeptical scientific thinking; such creatures as the flashlight frog or the Mongolian death worm, for example, are very much plausible and of a smaller stature that would help in making them undiscovered.

When looking at smaller cryptids, one group that always to me personally that stood out were those of hominids. Cryptids like the Orang Pendek of Sumatra, for example, have had some of the most consistent and intriguing evidence ever recorded. Around the world, other diminutive humanoids have been reported, such as the Agogwe of East Africa, the Kakamora of the Solomon Islands, the Didi of South America, the Alux of Mexico, and if the reports are to be believed, the Elves of Iceland and Leprechauns of Ireland. While the latter creatures are often believed to be linked to fairy tales and folktales, there are some extremely interesting accounts that do seem to indicate the possibility of a biological species. Many of their behaviors, even in folklore, are universal when you look at other diminutive humanoids. The abduction of children, for example, is something that we see in Irish faerie stories as well as in tales of the Ebu Gogo, a small hominid from Flores. Similar tales are seen in Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina with El Pombero, who kidnaps sleeping children. These collective accounts from entirely different continents and islands seem to indicate a phenomenon more global than just geographical isolated folktales, as is often viewed when the discussion of such things is brought up.

In Madagascar, we see another strain of the same kind of phenomenon; however, the creature seen on this island is much more unique than the others. Diminutive humanoids often fit into two camps hairy hominids or faerie folk. As previously stated, the Orang Pendek, Didi, and Agogwe, Ebu Gogo are in the Hairy Hominid camp, whereas the Pombero, Alux, Leprechaun and Elves are in the Faerie troop. In Madagascar, we see a creature that is almost the conglomeration between the two, as well as a variety of other creatures and entities that also take the same name. The Kalanoro, which is the Madagascan creature I've been alluding to, is a complex mystery. Most who have heard of it know it more than likely from one of two sources, the episode of Destination Truth and/or Loren Coleman’s book Field Guide to Bigfoot and Other Mystery Primates. From these two sources, an image appears of what the Kalanoro is, and it is one of perhaps the most accurate of what people are reporting.

The Kalanoro is described, as previously stated a diminutive figure reaching a size of anywhere from 2-5ft tall, usually covered in reddish-brown, grey, or dark-colored hair with a dark black or grayish skin tone. The creature bears strong human-like characteristics. Many sources often say they bear a strong resemblance to humans. Some reports, however, claim the creature has glowing red eyes, which is similar to reports of other cryptids and hominids. These creatures are typically said to not possess any form of technology or tool usage or have any known form of culture. While the hominid quality of these creatures might seem unremarkable and just a localized name for a group of species that is seen in other portions of the world. There are other features; however, that does make the Kalanoro stand out and make it something entirely different than what we currently know in science and in cryptozoology. The first feature, which is actually the more realistic, is that Kalanoros are believed to possess a row of porcupine-like quills, spines, or protrusions down their backs. The goal of these spines is never expressed; however, we are safe to assume they are for protection from predators. Secondly, the Kalanoro is also claimed to have feet that point backwards. This feature is not unheard of in cryptozoological circles, as even the Orang Pendek is claimed to have backward-facing feet. The reason for his is that the reversed feet are to help the creature evade capture, so hunters will follow the tracks in the wrong direction. While this has appeared time and time again in the description of this creature from a folkloric standpoint, official sightings of this creature do not mention it, and it might just be a fabrication. The Kalanoro is described as being omnivorous. It has a particular fondness for crayfish and fish as well as raw food in general but will and has also been reported to eat vegetation.

While the Kalanoro, as I recently described, is the common image of what this creature is supposed to be and what is most often reported, it is also important to note that much like other cryptids, be they the Jersey Devil or Tuttle Bottom Monster, the name has been used to describe a variety of other creatures throughout the island. Different tribes have different concepts of what this creature is. Most of what has been written about the Kalanoro comes from Researcher Raymond Decary, who in the 1950s researched the varying tribe’s tales and stories of the Kalanoro. Near Lake Kinkony, the Sakalava tribesmen describe the Kalanoro as small three-foot-tall creatures; they live on the fringes of lagoons, particularly in the reed thickets, and have three-toed feet. Their diet primarily consists of raw food and fish, which they get from the lagoons. This variation is believed to be capable of speech and will hold an individual in conversation until the ill-fated gabber is consumed by the lake. Lake Aloatra tribes describe the Kalanoro both as an amphibious creature similar in appearance as well as a strictly land-dwelling creature. This creature is often described as having hair down to its waist. There are oftentimes tales associated with this variety in which these creatures will eat crayfish and leave their remains on rocks in the middle rivers and other water sources.

The Betsileo tribesmen called the Kalanoro the Angalapono and described the Kalanoro as a strictly forest-dwelling creature and describe it even smaller than the tribes that live around lakes, often describing it as reaching around 2ft tall, yet some claim they are even more wincey. They, aside from abducting children, are also claimed to abducted adults from time to time. Some cases of such abductions include one where a man claimed one abducted him to be its mate, whereas a woman who was abducted claimed that she received powers of mediumship before her release. The Bara Tribe of the Ankazoabo district also describes a forest-dwelling creature similar to the Betsileo tribe. The Bara Tribe, however, claims that the Kalanoro is extremely quick, an extremely good climber, and will come into their villages to steal food, a behavior other tribes have noticed. In Northern Madagascar, the Kalanoro is said to be particularly aggressive. They also are believed to dwell in caves and are believed to have long claws, which they use to attack any who attempt to capture them. In both the Ankazoabo district and throughout Northern Madagascar, the Kalanoro is said to be feared by both young and old for not only do they attack with sharp claws but also for their penchant for kidnapping children. Similarly, the Bara of South-Central Madagascar describes the Kalanoro as partially arboreal creatures that are excellent runners and climbers.

One element that is important when discussing geographical differences with the Kalanoro is that there are often tribes who will claim their Kalanoro are all male or all female. Lake Aloatra's Kalanoro, for example, is often connected more toward mermaid lore and is described as being strictly female. The lake Kinkony tribes believe the Kalanoro to be strictly male; however, interestingly enough, they are described as having high pitched and choppy or female voices, which often lead people astray. The Betsileo Tribe, however, believes that the Kalanoro is an exceptionally hairy female exclusive land dwarf reaching heights of 2ft tall. Other variations describe that the Kalanoro is a naiad or mermaid type creature being exclusively female that seduces canoers, fishermen, and of course, lures children away. Some cultures which view the Kalanoro as a female land dwarf do have a male version which is referred to as the Kotokely. In these tales, the Kalanoro lives in caves on a bed made of silkworm cocoons, often described by western explorers and researchers as a fairy bed. The Female Kalanoro of this variation is also interested in the children of men and, similarly to stories in Celtic folklore, will swap her children for those of humans. The children she steals are treated to resemble her and her husband. It is claimed she gives a special potion to the stolen offspring, which prevents them from growing. Much like in stories of Changelings, children who are often misshapen or sickly have been referred to as sons of the Kalanoro and are believed to not of been the human mother’s child but the replacement left by the Kalanoro.

Outside of the Kalanoros reported child abducting, several other behaviors have reportedly been noted in regard to this creature. For one thing, the Kalanoro, while omnivorous and extremely fond of fish, crayfish, and raw food, cannot stand pork. Allegedly Kalanoros will enter huts and homes at night to keep warm but will not enter a home where pork is present. The Vezo's tribe has the phrase "to eat like a Kalanoro" it means to eat what is available without giving thought to future provision, and behaviorally for the Kalanoro implies that these creatures have a ravenous appetite for such a small creature. Kalanoro also has no fear or aversion to fire as some of the most interesting sightings involve them approaching and even warming themselves by the embers or flames.

While most tribes feel the Kalanoro is a flesh and blood creature, this is not absolute. Many tribes also view the Kalanoro as a kind of nature spirit or supernatural being. For example, the people of the village Ambalakedi believe that a particular cave known as Andoboara cave is a sacred site for the Kalanoro. Their reasons for this involves, interestingly enough, the disappearance of children while they were out in the forest. In the 1990s, Joe Hobbs of the University of Missouri would describe how two years prior to him being in the area, three children had disappeared in the surrounding wilderness. The local belief was that a Kalanoro had taken the children away. The motive not to better their own stock as seen in alternative diminutive hominid or faerie folk stories but simply because the entities felt the parents were not taking proper care of them. In a fashion similar to films like Poltergeist or Insidious, a special kind of medium is required to communicate with the Kalanoro or a spectral middleman known as a Tromba (another supernatural entity). This medium would act as a conduit in which the Kalanoro or Tromba could speak through and ultimately give its or the Kalanoro's demands. These demands would need to be met in a timely fashion if their children were to be returned to them. Often times this revolved around leaving gifts or food to the creatures such as honey or even sacrificing a Zebu cattle designated by the Kalanoro or Tromba. If the demands are met, a Kalanoro will either reveal to the family or give the Tromba the information of where the children's location is. In the case of the three missing children, all had been found inside Andoboara Cave. Countless other cases similarly have been reported, and allegedly to this day, this still occurs.

In other regions, such as in the Sambirano Valley, mediums that can communicate with the Kalanoro often times live in the bush. When summoning a Kalanoro spirit, there is often specific rules and rituals that need to be performed. Typically, the medium sits behind a curtain in a dark room when attempting to communicate with a Kalanoro. This is because, unlike other types of spirits, Kalanoros solely works inside the medium's home.  It is considered taboo to have a dog present during a Kalanoro séance because there is a strong belief that dogs have the ability to see spirits and therefore see the Kalanoro. Kalanoro mediums are sought out as a last resort because the Malagasy have an incredible fear of the supernatural abilities of the Kalanoro. It is because of this that a Kalanoro medium is turned to only when other healers or Tromba mediums have failed in attempting to solve whatever problem or cure whatever ailment might be afflicting the individual or out of curiosity. When a Kalanoro spirit is present, there are often the sounds of walking and banging on the walls and ceiling of the medium's home. It is often during this channeling that quick, choppy, high-pitched, and difficult to understand speech is reported.

Kalanoro mediums are extremely different culturally than those mediums who commune with spirits like the Tromba or Tsinay (a nature spirit). In the book the Possessed and the Dispossessed, Lesley Sharp goes into lavish detail about the vast comparisons and differences between Kalanoro mediums and Tromba and Tsinay mediums. One major difference is that a Kalanoro medium serves as the guardians of a single Kalanoro spirit. A Tromba spirit, however, can possess a multitude of mediums. Kalanoro mediums are also extremely rare. They are, as previously stated, often used as a last resort partially for this reason. Kalanoro guardians (mediums) also have a wider demographic as both male and female Kalanoro mediums exist. Whereas Tromba spirits genuinely tend to possess women solely.

The supernatural element of the Kalanoro is layered even more with their connection with the Vazimba, which were believed to be the first population in Madagascar and that most anthropologists feel were a race of pygmies similar to those found in Africa but who now are represented as spiritual beings. Usually depicted as various supernatural monsters or boogeymen-type figures. Interestingly they bear many similarities to the Kalanoro from size to also an aversion to pork and the claiming of sacred sites.

Kalanoros, aside from being spiritual entities, are also believed to have supernatural properties. These creatures allegedly have the ability to communicate telepathically, granted wishes, and there is a belief that the Kalanoro's long hair gives them a supernatural strength that is beyond that of what a creature their size should possess. Allegedly some Mosies, which are herbalists or shaman-type individuals who claim to create magical potions that are made up of ground-up Kalanoro hair, can provide strong powers or exemplify the mystics' already supernatural gifted abilities. While Kalanoros are often viewed as malevolent or shy in nature, there is a belief that these creatures have great healing powers due to the fact that they are nature spirits. Alternatively, however, Kalanoros are also said to be able to curse people if they travel into their sacred areas or territory. The afflicted individual would then go to a medium who can commune with a Tromba or Kalanoro and seek to find a way to end their curse.

While I've described the various beliefs and variations of what the Kalanoro is in Madagascar, I have not discussed any particular sightings. The oldest officially recorded sighting was in 1879 and interestingly, unlike other cryptozoological cases involves not a mere glimpse of something anomalous in the woods but a full-blown capture of a strange animal. This bizarre beast was captured in Northern Madagascar, West of Maroantsetra. The creature was found sleeping on a branch and was taken by a group of the Malagasy under the employ of a trader from the West Coastal Settlement of Manahar. The group proceeded to grab the sleeping creature. The creature struggled to escape the grasp of its assailants and managed to bite several who had gotten too close to its mouth. The creature, however, was subdued and contained in a cage where it was observed by a European trader known as Mr. Carmes. Carmes would describe the creature as the following: It was a powerfully built man about 5ft 9" with a face and body thickly covered in long black hair. The creature had a peculiar mode of movement as it would travel on all fours, but when walking bipedally would move with its head down, watching the ground the entire time. The creature, while very human-like, had animal-like eyes and was naked when captured. In a manner of potential kindness or in an attempt to civilize the creature, the men proceeded to give the creature clothes which it would wear. However, while the creature was clothed, it still remained very animalistic in its behavior, refusing to eat any food cooked and would eat manioc and other roots. He also would only sleep in a squatting position. As time went on, the creature allegedly was capable of picking up some words and being able to converse with its captors. It was from this that the captive revealed that it had a father and two brothers who lived in the same forest. This would prove to be a poor decision, for attempts were made to find his family and to capture them as well. In fact, on several expeditions, his family were reported but were capable of evading capture by jumping from tree to tree and running on all fours. The captured man would die only 5 months after capture, and no known searches for his relatives had been recorded afterward.

In 1886 an account was published in the Antananarivo Annual by G. Herbert Smith. This account describes an eyewitness who would encounter the creature only a few feet away from him. It was in the heart of the Malagasy forest that an unnamed traveler had stopped for the night and began to set up a camp for the night. The man had proceeded to light a large fire to keep himself warm and also to scare off any potential threats. The man laid awake through the night watching the glowing fire as the hours passed, so too did the fire, and soon it was nothing more than hot glowing coals and embers. It was in the slight glow and smoke that he noticed a small individual come close and approach the fire. The creature stood near it warming itself and seemed to enjoy the heat produced. The man peered at the creature and noticed that this creature was a small humanoid and was covered in long hair and had a flowing beard. The man disturbed by this figure proceeded to slowly reach down to a stick next to his body. Once his hand had wrapped around the stick, he proceeded to lunge up ever so slightly and push the stick into the fire, which sent hot embers and sparks at the creature. The hot projectiles stung the creature's skin and, in turn, caused it to flee back into the dark woods.

Another account that appeared in the Annual had a similar occurrence regarding a Kalanoro and their love or interest in fire. In this case, a man noticed that a Kalanoro appeared out of the woods, a noticeably male one. This male had been intrigued by a large fire with a pot full of rice over it. The creature proceeded to search around the area, searching for any potential threats, and then released a cry. Shortly thereafter, a noticeably female creature came from the brush and up to the male. The two approached the pot of rice and, with a quick sniff, proceeded to dip their hands in the pot grabbing fistfuls of rice, and in a slightly Lady and the Tramp fashion, proceeded to feed each other in the warming glow.

The next documented account comes from 1889, where a report of a Kalanoro was given to the Royal Geographical Society, which interesting enough also refers to a captured specimen. In 1924 Chase Salmon Osborn would go on to describe an encounter he would have involving two Kalanoros. It was during one night that as he looked out from his camp in the area, he noticed two individuals wrapped up in the touch of intimacy. For some reason, he had proceeded to get the most of this spectacle and proceeded to peep at the enamored couple. He continued to stare at what he had thought was a Honey Mooning Couple making love by the light of the fire, but when he continued to watch, he noticed that the figures seemed less and less like a typical human but instead seemed more like a kind of primitive humans.

While reports of the Kalanoro are believed to be exclusive to Africa, a group of creatures bearing a similar appearance was reported in 2006 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This sighting had stirred some interest when the report was published by both Loren Coleman on his website Cryptomundo and Karl Shuker on his website Shukernature. This sighting, in many ways, is one of the more interesting because of a side aspect of the account that is a video was taken of the creatures and that the government has the evidence. While this seems like tinfoil hat territory, let me elaborate. The account was reported by a US Navy SEAL who, while doing a covert operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near Lake Tanganyika between 1997-2002 that he and his team, while trekking in the deep jungle, would encounter a bizarre primate unknown to science. The team encountered no more than 13 chimpanzee-like creatures. These creatures were approximately 4 1/2 – 5 1/2 ft tall and were covered with dark gray fur all over their bodies. The creatures walked bipedally around the area, much like a person and more gracefully than typical primates. This, however, was not the most bizarre feature, for these creatures have porcupine-like quills that ran down their backs and stood erect, not flattened like a porcupine. These creatures were in the act of hunting or killing another animal when the SEAL captured their appearance on camera. The creatures' spines, when excited or agitated, would become more erect, most likely for defense or for display.  The US Navy SEAL had managed to get around three minutes of these creatures on video; however, due to the complicated and top-secret nature of their operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the film has since been listed as classified. Adding to the ever-growing list of evidence locked away regarding cryptids.

In Ivan T. Sanderson’s classic Abominable Snowmen: Legend Comes to Life, a similar creature known as the Kakundakari was searched after by Charles Cordier in 1961. On his expedition into the area, small humanoid tracks claimed to be of the creature were found in the Congo. While the Kakundakari is much smaller and often described as more humanoid than what is reported in the Navy SEAL account, many of the other features match, such as the gray fur. It is extremely possible that this creature, as well as the ones seen by the Navy SEAL and the Kalanoro of Madagascar, are the same or even a similar species of as of yet undiscovered primates.

In Karl Shuker’s book Mirabilis, he discusses another hairy hominid type of creature that he feels is linked to the Kalanoro. This creature called the Kotoko was the primary research subject of James Skinner and Bob Skinner.  This creature is said to live in the Anosy region of South East Madagascar. In September 2012, an interview was conducted and later uploaded onto YouTube in November of that year with a local to the area known as Aime. Aime described the creature as a short hairy big-chested creature with small feet. In his interview, he told Skinner of many of the beliefs about this creature, many of which from behavior, diet, and the fact that everyone in his village has a story or has seen one of the creatures. The creatures have a love of warmth and will approach fire; they steal food, especially fish and rice, both males and females are seen. Sightings are allegedly still going on in the area to this day. If an offering of rice is made to a Kotoko, they will, in turn, leave honey and tenrecs as a gift. Aime also describes a more amusing quality of the Kotoko that is similar to that of the Kappa of Japan, and that is that the Kotoko love to wrestle. The Kotoko is clearly a regional name for the Kalanoro as there are too many similarities in diet, behavior, and description that match. In the works cited below, I have included a link to the interview with Aime, and it is a fascinating video.

A sighting that appeared in the Travel Africa Magazine involved a man known as Eloi Razafimandimby who saw his first Kalanoro in a rice patty behind his village. He described it as a little man less than a meter or 3ft tall who had hair all over his body and long fingernails. The creature seemed to of been lured out of the forest surrounding the village by the smell of frying pistachio nuts. Eloi offered his expertise on the subject to the magazine, elaborating some of the features and lore associated with the creature reaffirming the backward feet feature and the difficulty of tracking such a creature.

In the show, Destination Truth Josh Gates and his team of truth-seekers had descended into the Malagasy Forest to search for the creature in 2010. While there, he met two particularly compelling witnesses. The first was research biologist Dr. Steven Goodman who, while out in a particularly large section of the forest, was proceeding to check his mist nets in search of animal activity. It was around 3:30 when he noticed a strange, bizarre creature near the nets. The animal had a look of absolute terror in its eyes either from being seen or at the contraption that laid before it, and as quickly as it could, it slipped off into the ridge where the trap was set and off to the woods where it left the view of Dr. Goodman. He would later describe the creature as 3-3 1/2ft tall with long hair covering its human-looking body.

John Mahazo, another witness and a local park ranger, would have a much more harrowing encounter with a Kalanoro. It was one day while out in the bush he would have a violent face-off when he saw a Kalanoro not too far off in the distance. The creature realizing it was seen, ran and lunged at him, ultimately grappling and grabbing his body with its long taloned hands. John could not move as he was trapped by the inhumanly strong grip of the creature, and fear electrified his body. However, the creature, either in a change of heart or figuring the park ranger was not a threat, proceeded in releasing the terrified man, and the two ran in completely opposite directions. Which was lucky for him since rumors of the creature claim that it utilizes its long talons to kill people by impaling them through the chest and stomach.

Josh Gates proceeded to investigate the Northern forests of Madagascar at the Amber Mountain Preserve. While there, his team had found small childlike footprints which, while inconclusive, bore a striking resemblance to how the Kalanoros tracks were supposed to look. Another anomalous finding was a hit on their thermal camera of a bizarre figure dodging in and out of the forest. Yet, the identity of the figure remains a mystery.

With the Kalanoro, there is a lot to unpack when trying to break down the phenomenon. For one thing, as stated previously, there are several creatures that are called the Kalanoro, and each is different. As stated, there are nature spirits, physical diminutive humanoids, spiny backed chimp-like creatures, backward footed hominids, merfolk, and semiaquatic humanoids. With that said ill focus primarily on the primate and hominid type varieties since they do seem to be the main variations that are reported in Madagascar and Africa. Skeptically speaking, some anthropologists believe tales of such creatures are a universal trope or some form of folk memory. These tropes and folk memories speak to us on some internal level of some previous experience, whether it be ancestral tales of interaction with other hominids such as Homo Floresiensis or some other universal fear or human expression. Some researchers have claimed that the story of the Kalanoro comes from tales of the Tokoloshe, an African goblin type figure that potentially was influenced by the Bantu on the Malagasy culture. Another idea thrown around by many researchers such as Bernard Heuvelmans, Gregory Forth, and Professor Charles Lamberton has proposed the idea that ancient lemurs like Hadropithecus might have spawned the legend of the Kalanoro.  Many physical features, especially those of the face in Kalanoro accounts and legends, seem to have many parallels, particularly with Hadropithecus. In fact, the Malagasy people had traveled from Borneo to Madagascar over 1,500 years ago, and in that entire area, there in Indonesia and Oceania is a concentration of tales of diminutive hairy hominids or humanoids such as Ebu Gogo, Orang Pendek, and the Kakamora.

While this idea of ancestral storytelling is a compelling idea, it is truly not a satisfying one. Also, it does not consider the fact that there are and have been captured specimens and physical evidence of these creatures in the way of footprints. It’s easy to dismiss such tales when no such evidence is present, but when there is some form of possible proof, you have to not necessarily remove it from the table but push it closer to the edge. With that, there is the possibility that what the Kalanoro might be is an as of yet undiscovered lemur or monkey. Lemurs and monkeys are and do have some very unique and bizarre features that seem like a conglomeration between man and animal, and some, such as tarsiers, marmosets, lorises, and so on, have facial features that are very similar to a human compared to other lemurs or related species. It could be very possible that this could be what the Kalanoro could be, a kind of arboreal bipedal lemur. There's also a rich history of cryptid primates in Madagascar. Another Madagascan Cryptid is the Tratratratra which appears as a giant lemur or primate with a round head and human-like face, which could be the same or similar to the Kalanoro. It is often described as being the size of a 2year old calf and had sightings up till about the end of the 17th century. Many of the depictions of this cryptid appear to be morphologically similar to what has been seen in Kalanoro reports.

While the Kalanoro is, as discussed previously, a creature that appears in a variety of ways from hairy hominids to porcupine quilled primates, to merfolk, to supernatural entities, most depictions are either of a hairy hominid or a porcupine quilled primate. There has been enough written about both in this article and in countless other sources on the origin of diminutive hominids and their potential origins, such as Homo Floresiensis or some Australopithecine descendent. While this is a category that does need to be brought up to explain potentially what people are seeing, I feel it is one that does not need an in-depth explanation. Instead, and more interestingly, the porcupine quilled and reverse footed elements of the animal or variation is something that I feel should be possibly explained or hypothesized about. If the few reports indicating these features are correct and authentic.

In Loren Coleman’s book Field Guide to Bigfoot and Other Mystery Primates, he categorized the Kalanoro as a type of what he referred to as a merbeing. These creatures are aquatic mammals that spend either some or all of their time in the water. This group, of course, included merfolk and the Steller's Sea Ape, but a subgroup is of a semiaquatic variety of creatures that feature a row of spines down their back. The Kalanoro was obviously included in this group, as was the Chupacabra. It was in this group he broke down the spine feature and explained how there have been primates that do possess such features. The main species that have these spines are, interestingly enough, a loris from Central Africa and is known as the Potto. The Potto is a sloth-like animal that can produce spines from its arched back. These spines are located on the last of the cervical vertebrae, and the first few thoracic vertebrae actually pierce the skin and are used as a defense against predators. The Potto has special control over the fur around this feature which part on either side to let the spines be utilized.  With that said, this anatomical feature is then possible in a primate. The Potto's spines are used as a defense feature, so perhaps this is the same for the Kalanoro in that when it feels threatened, they pop out. This could also explain why some sightings do not have these spines and instead simply seems like typical hairy hominids or primates. Since a lot of the sightings do not describe this feature at all, but they do occur outside of local lore. We can even possibly take this a step further and hypothesize that the Potto might be a relative of the Kalanoro since both appear to be primates and some researchers have even commented on the Kalanoros face being similar to that of a lemur.

Another less exciting possibility is what is being reported is nothing more than the hair being raised out of fright, not unlike that of a cat. The length of the hair could, in fact, be mistaken for quills and could lead to the belief that the Kalanoro has quills. This explanation would make much more sense, especially in regard to breeding since the spines one would think would cause some issue for this species in some manner or another.



The Spines as seen on the Potto.

The second feature that seems to be an impossibility when describing the Kalanoro, even though I've never found a report confirming this aspect of the creature, is the backwards feet. The feet, it would seem, would not be able to function properly or be, for that matter, useful at all since the balance one would think would be off. While, as previously state, the explanation for this is so that the creature can avoid being captured, it would seem odd that it would develop this trait specifically to avoid humans since they are the only species that truly relies on tracking footprints to hunt. However, in the Crash Course Cryptozoology video "Anatomy of the Kalanoro," it is proposed that in many ways, this creature could be primarily arboreal and that the backwards feet could aid in gripping trees. Birds, for example, have similar feet, such as pamprodactyls. These feet are specifically designed for gripping, and while they are not the backwards style as reported on the Kalanoro, it could be a similar style feature seen on this cryptid.

While these features are typically never reported, they are biologically possible in some regard; however, outside of the quills, I feel the feet to simply be a fanciful addition to the legend. If they are actually part of the creature's natural biology, they would be revolutionary and extremely interesting from an evolutionary standpoint. Yet until one is captured in modern times or a video is officially released to the public, the exact anatomical details will remain fuzzy.

Venturing out of the realms of cryptozoology and more into the esoteric, I feel the need to delve into another possibility to what this creature could be, and it has appeared time and time again in both this article and other bizarre creature articles, and that is the extremely strong faerie connection to this creature. The fact that the Kalanoro is viewed as a nature spirit is very much akin to what has been many of the faerie folk. The gifting aspect in the Kotoko beliefs is similar to what legends of the Brownie or Domovoi feature. Even the diminutive appearance is connected obviously with Leprechauns and other faeries. Yet to be the most glaring similarity is the kidnapping of children aspect. The tales are essentially the Madagascan equivalent of the Changeling. Is it possible that faeries, if real and supernatural in origin, have similar behaviors universally speaking? There to this day are reports of faerie folk in almost every corner of the world, and all of them have some supernatural element to them. Tales of the Kalanoro also have this element so possibly what we are seeing is a Madagascan Elf and not an example of a diminutive hominid or primate. This could also take into account why there is a wide range of creatures that are associated with the Kalanoro, as well as the reported mystical quality they are said to possess.

The Kalanoro is an extremely interesting and obscure cryptid that definitely needs to be investigated more thoroughly. In many ways, this creature is the Madagascan bigfoot, so it makes sense and seems appropriate that just like in the United States, there is such a diverse group of beliefs surrounding just what the creature is. However, while there is a spiritual side to this creature, much like almost all cryptids, it does seem that what we are seeing is some as of yet undiscovered species and not some supernatural entity. I definitely feel that much like the Orang Pendek, there is a very strong chance that with the appropriate manpower and research that the Kalanoro could very well be discovered in our lifetime. Just getting to that point, however, will require some work. Until that day, however, Madagascar's little foot will remain hidden to eat and warm itself by man's fire.

Quick Facts:

Species/Potential Species: Mammal, Hominid, Anthropoid, Primate, Possibly spirit
Location: Throughout Madagascar and Possibly throughout the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sighted: Native Traditions, 1887,1889, 1924, 2006, several other encounters where dates are not specified till at least 2012.

Works Cited:

Abominable Snowmen: Legend Comes to Life by Ivan T. Sanderson
Mothman and Other Curious Encounters by Loren Coleman
The Field Guide to Bigfoot and Other Mystery Primates by Loren Coleman
On the Track of Unknown Animals by Bernard Heuvelmans
Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology- Volume One A-M by George M. Eberhart
Encyclopedia of Cryptozoology: A Global Guide by Michael Newton
Mirabilis by Karl P.N. Shuker
The Possessed and the Dispossessed: Spirits, Identity, and Power in a Madagascar Migrant Town by Lesley A. Sharp
Images of the Wildman in Southeast Asia: An Anthropological Perspective by Gregory Forth
“Kalanoro”. Cryptid Wiki. https://cryptidz.fandom.com/wiki/Kalanoro. Accessed March 24, 2021.
Coleman, Loren “Top Secret: US Navy SEAL’s Cryptid Ape Video”. Cryptomundo.  January 13th, 2006. http://cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/navy-seals-video/. Accessed March 24, 2021.
---“Flashback: US Navy SEAL’s Secret Video A Year Later”. Cryptomundo. January 14th, 2007. http://cryptomundo.com/cryptozoo-news/navy-seals-2007/. Accessed March 24, 2021.
---“Flashback: US Navy SEALs’ Zero Dark Kalanoros”. Cryptozoonews. March 18, 2013. http://www.cryptozoonews.com/navy-seals-2013/. Accessed March 24, 2021.
Shuker, Dr. Karl P.N. “The Spiny-Backed Chimpanzee – A Congolese Chupacabra Chimp!”. Shukernature. March 18, 2013. http://karlshuker.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-spiny-backed-chimpanzee-very.html. Accessed March 24, 2021.
---“Madagascar’s Elusive Mega-Lemurs And Mini-Men”. Shukernature. February 17, 2010. https://karlshuker.blogspot.com/2010/02/madagascars-elusive-mega-lemurs-and.html. Accessed March 25, 3021.
“Ghosts of Menengai Crater/Kalanoro”. Destination Truth. SyFy. 2010.
“The Anatomy Of The Kalanoro”. Crash Course Cryptozoology. YouTube. 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y84PrDzqIi4.
“Kotoko: Madagascar's little hairy men”. Skinnerboy. YouTube. Nov 18, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCh9Yf4E81g.
"Kalanoro” Occult World. https://occult-world.com/kalanoro/. Accessed April 14 2021.

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